Since the late 1990s, the collapsible baton is issued except for public order duties, where a fixed, acrylic baton is used. Until the mid-1990s, British police officers carried traditional wooden truncheons of a sort that had changed little from Victorian times. In Russia traffic batons are striped in black and white for the same reason, and in Sweden they are white. The traffic baton is red to make it more visible as a signaling aid in directing traffic. The Russian police standard-issue baton is rubber, except in places such as Siberia, where it can be cold enough that the rubber may become brittle and break if struck. That is why most police departments have stopped issuing them. Rubber batons are not very effective when used on the subject's arms or legs, and can still cause injury if the head is struck. Some of the kinetic energy bends and compresses the rubber and bounces off when the object is struck.
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Straight batons of rubber have a softer impact. Truncheons probably developed as a marriage between the club or military mace and the staff of office/ sceptre. Longer truncheons are called "riot batons" because of their use in riot control. Truncheons are often ornamented with their organizations' coats of arms. The typical truncheon is a straight stick made from wood or a synthetic material, approximately 32 mm ( 1 + 1⁄ 4 in) in diameter and 460–910 mm (18–36 in) long, with a fluted handle to aid in gripping. The Victorian original has since developed into the several varieties available today. Earlier on the word was used in vulgar Latin ( bastο-a stick helping walking, from basta-hold).
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This was always removed when the equipment left official service (often with the person who used it). The truncheon acted as the policeman's ' Warrant Card' as the Royal Crest attached to it indicated the policeman's authority. The meaning "policeman's club" is first recorded 1856. According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, this name is first recorded in 1848 as slang for a burglars' crowbar. In the Victorian era, police in London carried truncheons about one foot long called billy clubs. The use or carrying of batons or improvised clubs by people other than law enforcement officers is restricted by law in many countries.
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Some criminals use batons as weapons because of their simple construction and easy concealment.
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Batons are also used for non-weapon purposes such as breaking windows to free individuals trapped in a vehicle, or turning out a suspect's pockets during a search (as a precaution against sharp objects). The usual striking or bludgeoning action is not produced by a simple and direct hit, as with an ordinary blunt object, but rather by bringing the arm down sharply while allowing the truncheon to pivot nearly freely forward and downward, so moving its tip much faster than its handle. It can be used defensively to block offensively to strike, jab, or bludgeon and it can aid in the application of armlocks. It is carried as a compliance tool and defensive weapon by law-enforcement officers, correctional staff, security guards and military personnel.Ī baton may be used in many ways as a weapon. A 1968-era Chicago Police helmet and billy clubĪ baton (also known as a truncheon or nightstick) is a roughly cylindrical club made of wood, rubber, plastic, or metal.